1.            Introduction

Our aim in producing this reference document is to provide basic guidelines and examples for citing or referencing in the Chicago style. It covers most resources you will use in preparing your assignments such as books, journal articles, Internet sources, electronic resources and non-book formats. If you have questions about how to cite sources other than those illustrated here, consult the Chicago Manual of Style, 15^th ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003) available at WOU Main Library, under the call number Z253.U58 2003.

2.            Chicago Manual of Style

The Chicago Manual is an international authoritative guide to publication standards and style. It is widely used by those in the publication industry. It deals with all aspects of preparing and editing book manuscripts i.e. from American English grammar and usage to document preparation. First published in 1906 by the University of Chicago Press, it was then one of the few style guides available. Today, there is a proliferation of citation style guides for writers, editors and publishers of various disciplines such as Modern Language Association (MLA) Style Manual, the American Psychological Association Style Book, Harvard Style, Vancouver Style and the Columbia Style Book. 

Wawasan Open University uses the Chicago Manual as its primary style guide for preparing and editing its publication. The manual is also used as reference guide for determining the University referencing style. The citation examples listed in the Wawasan Open University Citation Guide are based on the principles presented in the Chicago Manual.

3.            The need for referencing

When you write an assignment, it is important that you acknowledge the source of ideas or information that you have used or mentioned in your work. Please do not use someone’s words or ideas as though they were your own. Ethics of research require you to cite the source of work, regardless of whether you have paraphrase, summarise or refer to it. Failure to do so will mean you have committed plagiarism– a serious academic offence that may cause you to fail your assignment and even dismissal from the University. To avoid it, follow the conventions for correct citing/referencing as determined by the University.

When you are doing background reading for your assignment, remember to keep careful notes of your sources, including all the bibliographic information. The notes will come in handy when you need to compile your reference list/ bibliography.

4.            Format for References

The Chicago Manual of Style allows you to use two different types of reference styles i.e. author-date system and the notes and bibliography system. WOU students are advised to follow the former.  

4.1    Author-Date System

Generally used by writers in the physical, natural, and social sciences. Under this system, the source can be either cited in the text, usually in parenthesis (round brackets), by the author’s last name, publication date and page if needed or the source can be placed at the end of the sentence, also in parenthesis. In text referencing should always be short because it is interrupting the text.

Example: In another experiment (Cheeseman 2006), he used personal canvassing, telephone calls, and direct mail to urge people to vote.

The full details of the source are given in the References page at the end of the document. Similar citation style is used for all types of sources i.e. books, journal articles, Internet and other web resources.

Example:

Cheeseman, Henry R. 2006. Essentials of business and online commerce law. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson.

Print documents

To document a book, the following details should be provided:-

Author, A., and B. Author, eds. Year. Title: Subtitle. Edition. Place of publication: Name of Publisher.

Examples:

Non-Book Formats

To document journal articles, the following details should be provided.

Performer or Presenter, A. Year. Title: Subtitle. Format. Special credits. Place of recording: Publisher, Date of recording.

Examples:

 

Type	Citation in Text	Reference List
Interview	(Abdullah 2006)	Abdullah Ahmad Badawi. 2006. Interview by      Allan Waruthers. BBC Evening News.      British Broadcasting Corporation, 24      August 2005.
Video recording	(Wawasan Open University 2006)	Wawasan Open University. 2006.       Increasing access to higher learning.       Video recording. Produced by Allan        Poong. Penang: WOU.
Television programme	(Zamri 2006)	Zamri Ahmad. 2006. Learning made easier.      Television programme. Kuala Lumpur:      TV 2, 15 December.
Microform	(Miller 1994)	Miller, C. M. 1994. Mobilize your business.     In PC Magazine. Microfiche. Tokyo:     Comp Communications.
CD-ROMs or DVD-ROMs	(Terry and Giugni 2006)	Terry, A. and D. Giugni. 2006. Business &      the law. 4th ed. CD-ROM. Melbourne:      Thomson.

Reference List

The reference list will look like the following:-

References

Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, Interview by Allan Waruthers, BBC Evening News. British Broadcasting   

     Corporation, 24 August 2005.

 Al-Arabi, A. B. N.d. Ahkam al-Quran. Cairo: Maktabah al-Azhariyyah.

 Anon. Biotechecnology research at the crossroad. 2004. Education Issues 55(8): 34-36.

Bujang, B. K. H. and Husaini Omar. Eds. 2002. Proceedings of 2^nd GEGEM Research Seminar, July

    2-4, 2003. Serdang: Penerbit UPM.

Commonwealth of Learning. 2005. Creating learning materials for open and distance learning: a

     handbook for authors and instructional designers. Vancouver: COL.

     http://www.col.org/colweb/webdav/site/myjahiasite/ (accessed December 2, 2006).

Consumers’ Association of Penang. 1986. Drugs and the Third World: aminophenazone and

    dipyrone: hazards and marketing practices. Penang: CAP.

Desharnais, J., M. Bernhard and G. Struth. Kleene algebra with domain. ACM Transactions on

     Computational Logic 7(4): 798-833. ACM Digital Library. http://portal.acm.org. (accessed June 14,

     2006).

Dubofsky, D.A. and T. W. Miller, eds. 2003. Derivatives: valuation and risk management. New York:

     Oxford University Press.

Emmanuel, J. Heritage buildings to house varsity. New Straits Times. March 19: 30-31.

Ganesan, V. 2006. Tesco to take over Makro stores in Malaysia. The New Straits Times, December 1.

     E-Media.  http://www.btimes.com.my/Current_News. (Accessed Dec 1, 2006).

Jacobs, J. A. 1996. Gender inequality and higher education. Annual Review of Sociology 22: 3+.

     http://www.questia.com. (accessed November 22, 2006).

James. S. and Y. Ma. 2003. The behavior of financial analysts during the Asian financial crisis in

     Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia and Thailand. Pacific –Basin Finance Journal 9: 233-263.

Kamus dwibahasa. 2002. 2^nd ed. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.

Malaysia. Kementerian Kesihatan. 1996. Malaysia’s health : technical report of the Director-General

    of Health, Malaysia. KKM/Research Report/04/96. Malaysia: Ministry of Health.

Malaysia. Ministry of Higher Education. 2006. Report by the Committee to study, review and make

     recommendations concerning the development and direction of higher education in Malaysia.

     http://portal.acm.org.neptune.wou.edu.my/dl.cfm?coll=portal&dl=ACM&CFID=8060441&

     CFTOKEN=11556764. (accessed July 19, 2006).

Malaysia. Ministry of Human Resources. 2003. Combating unemployment: the Malaysian

     experience. http://www.mohr.gov.my/mygoveg/. (accessed October 18, 2006).

Matthew, H. ed. 2006. Introducing information management: the business approach. Amsterdam:

     Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. Ebrary e-book.

Miller, C. M. 1994. Mobilize your business. In PC Magazine. Microfiche. Tokyo: Comp

    Communications.

Neuman, W. L. 2006. Social research methods: qualitative and quantitative approaches. 6^th ed.

      Boston: Pearson.

Rasiah, R.2004. Explaining growth, poverty and distribution in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. In

     Globalisation culture & inequalities, edited by  Abdul Rahman Embong, 145-166. Bangi: UKM

     Press.

Sahibin Abdul Rahim. 2002. Rational soil management in the humid tropics. In Proceedings of the 

     12^th Annual Conference of the Asian Society of Soil Scientists, 2002, 15-21, edited by Santokh

     Singh and Johann Singhaseri. Kuala Lumpur: Pelanduk.

Sanchez, J. and M. P. Canton. 2002. Java programming for engineers. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press.

     Netlibrary e- book.

Sario, R. 2006. Sabah tourism players not happy with sales tax plan. The Star, Dec 1.

     http://biz.thestar.com.my/news. (accessed December1, 2006).

Selvarajan, T. T. 2006. A cognitive processing model for assessing ethical behaviour of employees.

    Journal of American Academy of Business 9(1): 86-92. EbscoHost.

     http://web.ebscohost.com.neptune. (accessed December 1, 2006.

Shui, C. T. 1973. Li Po and Tu Fu: poems selected and translated with an introduction and notes.

    Trans. M. Malcolm. Harmondsworth, Eng. : Penguin Books.

Stewart, M. and D. B. Williams. 1987. Urbanism and urbanization. 4 vols. New York: Cambridge.

Syn, S. C. 1999. The progress of education in Malaysia after independence,  Ph. D diss., Universiti

     Malaya.

Telekom Malaysia Berhad. 2003. Laporan tahunan 2001. Kuala Lumpur: Telekom Malaysia Berhad.

Terry, A. and D. Giugni. Business & the law. 2006. 4^th ed. CD-ROM. Melbourne: Thomson.

Tutor and tutorial support. 2006. Wawasan Open University Registry.

     http://www.wou.edu.my/study_ls_tutor.aspx (assessed November 28, 2006).

Wawasan Open University. 2006. Increasing access to higher learning. Videorecording. Produced by

     Allan Poong. Penang: WOU.

Zamri Ahmad. 2006. Learning made easier. Television programme. Kuala Lumpur: TV 2, 15

     December.

5. 

 5.            Abbreviations

You may used the standard abbreviations listed below in your citations. Refer to the Chicago Manual, pages 571-577 for more examples.

6.            Writing and Research Guides

Beside the Chicago Manual of Style, you may also consult the following writing and research guides available at the Main Library.

           i.   

• American Psychological Association. 2005. Publication manual of the American Psychological Association. 5^th ed. Washington: American Psychological Association. (Call number BF76.7. P976 2001 (Reference))
• Fisher, C. 2004. Researching and writing a dissertation for business students. Essex: Pearson Education. (Call number LB2369. F 528 2004
• Gibaldi, J. 2003. MLA handbook for writers of research papers. 6th ed. New York: Modern Language Association of America. (Call number LB2369. G437 2003)
• Houghton, P. M., T. J. Houghton and M. F. Peters. 2005. APA: the easy way! A quick and simplified guide to the APA writing style. Flint, Mich.: Baker College, 2005. (Call number BF76.7. H835 2005)
• Turabian, K. L. 1996. A manual for writers of term papers, theses, and dissertations. 6th ed. Revised by John Grossman and Alice Bennett. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Call number LB2369.T929 1996)

 

 7.      Bibliographic Management Software